Human papilloma virus (HPV) Free Essay Example, 4250 words

They also confirmed oral HPV infection peaks among adults aged 30-34 years (7.3%) and 60-64 years (11.4%). Males were 2.7 times more likely to be infected by oral HPV than women. Infection in those with a history of any type of sexual contact (7.5%) had a significantly higher prevalence compared to those without (0.9%). Although about 90% of HPV infections are usually cleared within a few months to two years after acquisition without intervention, a small percentage of HPV high risk types can continue and progress into neoplastic changes. 10 HPV ASSOCIATED MALIGNANCIES OR OTHER DISEASES Approximately 5% of all cancers worldwide are accounted for by high-risk HPV infection. 3Â  In 2008, it was suggested between all cancer-related outcomes of HPV infection, cervical cancer is the most prevalent, with over half a million new cases resulting in more than 270,000 deaths worldwide. 11Â   In the USA, an estimated 6.2 million cases of newly infected individuals are detected annually. 1 Some UK studies have shown 1 in 134 persons are expected to develop cervical neoplasm at some point during their lifetime. 12 Researchers believe that since a first HPV infection occurs, it can take 10-20 years for cancer to develop. Despite persistent high-risk HVP being essential for cervical cancer progression, not all females with high-risk HPV infection develop cancer. 13 However, the proportion of high-degree cervical abnormalities that progress into advanced stage malignancy are expected to be under 50%. 3 Although statistics on anogenital neoplasm other than cervical cancer are limited, increasing evidence-based studies have linked HPV with anus, vulva, vagina, penis and oropharyngeal tumors. On a global scale, half of penile cancers are attributed to HPV. 14 A population-based study conducted in the US by Hernandez et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Human papilloma virus (HPV) or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now (2014) indicated that HPV DNA was present in 63% of invasive penile cancer cases. 14 Moreover, according to the CDC (2013), over 20,000 carcinoma cases that occur annually in females are caused by HPV infection. Around 12,000 HPV associated cancer cases tend to occur in males every year, mostly oropharyngeal cancers. 1 Throughout the past 20 years, the newly diagnosed cases of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer have grown, particularly among men. By 2020, expected HPV related oropharyngeal cancer cases in the US will exceed the cervical cancer rate. 10 However, their relationship with HPV makes them preventable by using similar cervical cancer intervention modality. 10 While, non-cancerous HPV types are rarely fatal, they can still result in significant morbidity.

Emily Clunan. Mrs. Bell. Annotated Bibliography. General

Emily Clunan Mrs. Bell Annotated Bibliography General Psychology/ Spring 2017 3 April, 2017 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder For this paper I have chosen obsessive compulsive disorder. According to psychologytoday.com, (2017), â€Å"Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder in which people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, images, and sensations (obsessions) and engage in behaviors or mental acts in response to these thoughts or obsessions.† This topic is one that I find very fascinating, because half of the population may not realize they are suffering from this disorder, including myself. Diedrich, A., Sckopke, P., Schwartz, C., Schlegl, S., Osen, B., Stierle, C., Voderholzer, U. (2016). Change in obsessive†¦show more content†¦Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30(3), 177-189. doi:10.1891/0889-8391.30.3.177 According to Diedrich, Sckopke, Schwartz, Schlegl, Osen, Stierle, Voderholzer you are tested alone or in a group. This source discusses what OCD is and Exposure and response prevention (ERP); it is known to be one of the most effective treatment thus far. Obsessive compulsive disorder over time will cause suffering and weakening. OCD can have several symptoms. They could be symptoms such as harming oneself or possibly others, sexual, items placed a certain way, or even your feelings being a certain way. I wouldn’t use this source to write a paper. I found it difficult to understand. I don’t think there is enough information in this article. Marsden, Z. (2016). EMDR Treatment of Obsessive-Complusive Disorder: Three Cases.Journal of EMDR Practice Research, 10(2), 91-103. doi:10.1891/1933-3196.10.2.91 In this source it will discuss that 1-2% of our population is afected, but Turkington, Davidson, Longe say that 2.2 million americans suffer from OCD. They will use ERP treatment most of the time. ERP can be defined as a behavior therapy. ERP was established by a U.K. psychologist Victor Meyer. 50-60% of patients who complete the ERP treatment will see a reduction of symptoms. Approximately 25% of patients drop out of treatment, because they find it terrifying to face their fears. Participants who successfully finish their treatment will show

Ideas of Charles Cooley Free Essays

Charles Cooley was born on 17th August 1864 and died on 8th May1929. He was George Mead’s contemporary, and each greatly influenced the other’s thinking. Like Mead, Cooley believed that social interaction is the basis of the socialization process. We will write a custom essay sample on Ideas of Charles Cooley or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cooley saw the individual and society as parts of a whole, not as separate entities. In Cooley’s theory, each individual is linked to the social world mainly through the looking glass self. His own self-examination and observation of his children aided him in forming his concepts of the looking-glass self and primary groups. This essay focuses on the looking glass self theory of Charles Cooley and his other ideas. Sociologist Charles Cooley is best known for his concept of looking glass self, the theory that self-image is formed largely by the message we get from others, and an individual’s interpretation of those messages. Cooley argued that a person’s self grows out of a person’s transaction with others. One’s consciousness of him or herself is a reflection of the ideas about him or herself that he or she attributes to other minds; thus, there can be no isolated selves. In other words Cooley says that we see ourselves as we think others see us. For example, when learning table manners children develop a sense of what others find acceptable and as they a taught they become socialized. Through the looking glass, we learn that we are intelligent or dull, attractive or unattractive. Cooley argues that the judgments of some people in our lives are more important than judgments of others, for example a spouse’s compliment or low opinion may have a greater effect on someone’s self perception than the same comment made by some stranger. The lingering influence of significant of others helps explain how we can sometimes maintain a positive self image at times when many people look down on us, or negative self image when many people think well of us. The looking glass self is a simple and domestic metaphor for the way society’s image for us becomes incorporated into our own self image. The looking-glass self begins at an early age and continues throughout a person’s entire life as one will never stop modifying their self unless all social interactions cease. We do not see ourselves us through the eyes of others quite as literally as we see ourselves in an actual mirror. Our notion of how others see us may not be quite accurate and we may also be evaluated differently by different people. What others think of you is no doubt very important in making your self-image and as a result, who you are and what you do. According to Cooley, we gain a definition of our self in three steps: firstly through the beliefs about how we appear to others, secondly through the beliefs about their judgments of how we appear to them and thirdly the response to the imagined judgment. Through the imagined judgment we develop pride, shame, improved self-esteem, slightly damaged self-esteem, and other attributes of the self. Once Cooley had established his theory of the self, he then focused his analysis on the human groupings that he conceived to be primary and secondary in linking man with his society and in integrating individuals into the social fabric. Cooley defined primary groups as those small groups in which all the members have enduring, intimate face-to-face interaction and cooperation. Cooley coined the term primary for these groups because they include the family, our first social group, and social linkages. Close friends, children’s play groups, and perhaps some neighbors and some work groups also constitute primary groups. As Cooley explains, primary groups are important in forming the social nature and ideals of individuals. In primary groups, members value each other as individuals and achieve from personal fulfillment. They do things that will benefit the group, without expectation of payment or self-serving benefit. Example, one member of a family might wash laundry or perform housework that benefits all members. On the other hand, secondary groups are larger groups in which all members do not interact directly and have relationships that are not permanent. Members do not share intimate bonds like those in primary groups. People do join these groups for benefits in some way. They may leave the group or join other groups when they feel like it is necessary. However, these groups may still have some shared norms and sense of group identity. Examples of secondary groups include office workers and students in an exercise class. These groups are also important to our views of ourselves, but less to the primary groups. The notions of the looking-glass self and the primary group are closely related in Cooley’s views. The reactions to the thoughts of others is the mark of the mature human and according to Cooley can be developed and fostered only in the close and intimate interactions of the primary group. Hence, this group is the cell in which characteristically human growth takes place. In the primary group the immature and self-centered person is slowly attuned to the needs and desires of others and becomes fitted to the give-and-take of mature social life. The primary group fosters the ability to put oneself into the position of others, drawing the individual out of egotistic isolation by building into him that sensitivity to the clues of others without which social life would be impossible. The differences between primary and secondary groups are as follows, primary groups are smaller because it consists of few members and this helps develop its members personal relations among themselves while secondary groups are larger and due to its size the members do not have personal relations. Relation is natural in primary groups and formal in secondary groups. Also the position of members is determined by his work or function in secondary groups but in primary groups, the position of each person is determined on the basis of the family. Cooley’s sociology is holistic. He stressed about the systematic relationships between social processes in society. He argued that each aspect of society was dependent on others for its growth and survival. If we say that society is an organism, we mean that it is a complex form of processes each of which is living and growing by interaction with the others, the whole being so unified that what takes place in one part affects all the rest. In addition to these essential concerns, Cooley, like W. I Thomas George H Mead made a crucial important contribution to sociological method. Independently of Max Weber but roughly the same time as he, they argued that the study of human actions must be concerned with the meanings human actors attach to the situation in which they find themselves hence the study must go beyond purely behavioral description. Cooley believed that the social sciences deprived themselves of their best material by leaving out human motives for action. Cooley emphasized that the study of the human social world must be centered upon attempts to examine the subjective meanings human actors attribute to their actions, and that such meanings must be studied in part through ‘understanding’ rather than through exclusive reliance on the reporting of behavior. Cooley’s theories provided evidence in response to a threefold necessity that had developed within the society. The first of which was the necessity to create an understanding of ocietal phenomena that highlighted the subjective mental processes of individuals yet realized that these subjective processes were effects and causes of society’s processes. The second necessity examined the development of a social dynamic conception that pictured states of chaos as natural occurrences which could provide opportunities for â€Å"adaptive innovation. † Finally, a need to demonstrate that people were capable of exerting some form of â€Å"informed moral cont rol† over current problems and future directions. In conclusion, Charles Cooley is known in sociology most commonly for his development for the looking glass self. Cooley was one of the first to define the exact importance that society plays in forming the individual. He was also renowned for discovering human groups within the society stating that there are primary and secondary groupings that link man to society each having different, however, similar functions. Moreover, he argued that society is like an organism in the sense that each aspect of society is dependent on the other in order to survive. Furthermore Cooley argued that the study of human actions must be concerned with the meanings humans attach to the activity. Finally, Cooley’s theories provided evidence in response to a threefold necessity that developed within the society – necessities to create an understanding of social phenomena, a necessity that examined a social dynamic conception and a need to demonstrate that people were capable of exerting some form of informed moral control. Bibliography Coser L. A, Masters of Sociological Thought, 2nd Ed, Aarcourt Brace Company, New York, 1977. Levine, D. N, Visions of the Sociological Tradition. The University of Chicago Press, 1995 Starks, R. Sociology. 10th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2007. Stolley, K. S, The Basics of Sociology, Greenwood Press, Westport Connecticut, 2005 How to cite Ideas of Charles Cooley, Essay examples

Accounting Information System for B Bakery

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Information System for B Bakery. Answer: Introduction The report is based on selecting an Accounting Information System (AIS) for B Bakery, a family firm that is supplying bread and confectionary products to various businesses such as supermarkets. It defines the business processes of B Bakery to become familiar with their business operations. In order to implement AIS, it reflects on the business requirements to achieve their objectives. In order to meet with IT investment objective, the report summarizes the features of the system (Christauska and Miseviciene 2012). Finally, software and vendor are selected dependent on business requirements of B Bakery. Two accounting software package vendors such as SAP as well as MYOB are compared and contrasted. Business processes of B Bakery B Bakery is a family-owned firm, which is, employed around 70 employees and the sales revenue increased to $13.5 million. The business is operating over 50 years, supplying bread, and confectionary products to the supermarkets as well as pub chains. Due to increase in product range, B Bakery experienced a growth in their business. In the competitive marketplace, Bakery losses their key accounts of producing their products at competitive price. In order to expand in the bakery market, the firm decides to implement AIS in their organization for storing as well as processing of accounting data. The system tracks the accounting activities of the firm. The following figure shows the business processes of B Bakery with its business, corporate and support functions. Figure 1: Business processes of B Bakery (Source: Moghadam et al. 2013, pp-13269) Business Operations Procurement: B Bakery procures their products from the supermarkets as well as pub chains. The firm acquires via competitive bidding process. Inbound logistics: Bakery is concerned of receiving as well as storing of products, handling of raw materials with control over inventory (Moghadam et al. 2013). Manufacturing: The firm concerns on packaging of the products and involves with warehousing of the finished goods (Prasad and Green 2015). Inventory Management: Bakery focuses on status of inventory, purchase of their products and expiration of products. Product Development Research Development: The firm manufactures innovative products for their organization so that more customers are attached towards their business (Kanellou and Spathis 2013). Product Management: The product is managed by managing the orders of products. The firm is dealing with the customers with an affordable price of products. Design of product: The products are designed with innovative designing. Integration of product: The firm conveys their messages to their customers with integrating their product in the market (Seethamraju 2015). Testing of product: The quality of the product is tested using effective machineries, as within this bakery industry, quality is most important factor or operations. Corporate functions Sales: The organization deals with the sales manager regarding the cost of the products, which should attract the customers. Marketing: The marketing department tracks the total sales of the products. Before dealing with the customers, the firm gives advertising of the products on the internet or any other communication channel, so that before purchasing the product, the customers can get to know about the product features and price (Svobodova, and Cerna 2016). Development: The development team develops unique products with best quality. Customer service: The firm focuses on the requirements of the customers. Operations Management: The firm discusses the dealings of their products with the operation manager. The Bakery collects the items of the firm after its manufacturing. Support services IT: With the use of internet, the Bakery can interact with their customers. Corporate affairs: The firm has affair with other businesses to expand their operations in the market and acquires a large market share. Legal: The firm follows their organizational policies to conduct their operations. The firm is following all legal procedures to do their sales (Liu 2015). Accounting and Finance: In order to process with financial assets, Bakery adopts accounting information system to store or process of accounting data (Soudani 2012). HR: This department offers with disciplinary rules as well as regulations and gives a better working environment to the employees. Business requirements of B Bakery From the above mentioned business processes, the following are the business processes, which are indispensable to be performed in B Bakery such as: Sales and Marketing: The sales and marketing operations of Bakery are dependent on their product as well as customer. The marketing of product focuses on product positioning so that their service will be unique. The firm understands their sales process and product requirements (Ismail and King 2014). The customer marketing supports the customers by taking their feedback on the product. Engagement of the customers builds trust, which leads to greater revenue. Supply Chain Management: Bakery has a good relationship with the suppliers, wholesalers and retailers. This good relationship ensures that the customers can receive the products at the right time at an acceptable cost. Even it can increase the brand reputation and image (Hall 2012). The firm is going to implement AIS to improve their supply chain. Accounting Finance: The purpose of accounting and finance function of Bakery is to keep record of their financial activities such as amount of purchase and sale of their products. The AIS keeps track of the financial history of their sales. It consists of some of financial information such as operational expenses, cash flow, capital expenditures as well as investments (Amran et al. 2014). In order to keep track of the financial operations, it increases their profitability. HRM: The HRM function of the firm manages the employee relations. A good relation among the employees helps in increase in productivity. All the employees should obey the rules and regulations of the company to form a good work cultural environment (Islam et al. 2012). Proper alignment of the organizational structure helps the firm to manage their payroll and operational businesses. Outcomes require from the processes in order to gain business objectives The decision behind implementation of AIS changes the accounting tasks those are processing in the business of Bakery. The system is placed centralized in the firm where all the accounting transactions are entered as well as saved. The main outcomes of this system are to speed up the handling of tasks, entering data into the system, correcting of transactions data and generating reports (Chen et al. 2012). The business objectives of the organization are to expand their business and compete with their competitors by providing them with innovative products (Hejazi, Halpin and Biggs 2014). The firm wants to secure their data into the system. Therefore, AIS helps the firm to enter the transactional data into the system, which is safe. The chances of losing of data are reduced when the firm is performing regular backups of the system (Ajit, Donker and Patnaik 2014). The manual process of the firm results in loss and damage of data more easily. The main objective to implement these AIS for Bakery to collect as well as process accounting tasks on selling of products, which help the managers of the firm to prepare transactional reports. Due to implementation of AIS in Bakery, it maintains the financial processes of the firm. The accounting software sets up documents like the trial balance, ledger as well as journal. Those are recorded into the database of the computer (Saleh Shatat and Mohamed Udin 2012). The system is functioning such as billing of the product, budgeting as well as setting up of payroll. The system helps to cut the payroll for the staffs. The important responsibility of the accountants of the firm is to protect the data (Bradford 2014). Finally, it is identified that the outcomes of the AIS are to meet with the satisfaction level of customers, speed up business process, budgeting and billing, tracking of transactional data, inventory operations and accountability of process. System requirements for B Bakery Due to increase in competition as well as growing demands of Bakery products, the firm decides to look for increase in software as well as IT investment. It is seen that IT investment of Bakery leads to grow their business process as well as improvement in competitiveness (Olson, Chae, and Sheu 2013). AIS are implemented in the firm to conduct some of the activities such a purchase as well as handle of the foods within the business inventory, planning for production and quality of product. It also manages picking and transporting of orders, controlling of cost and accounting as well as payroll accounting (Galy and Sauceda 2013). The following are the possible software features, which the firm is necessary to attain an IT investment purpose: Manage of online orders: After making investment into the IT infrastructure, Bakery desires to develop their firms web portal to manage online orders. It also maintains the inventory of the firm and reaches their customers in less time (Ahmad and Cuenca 2013). Management of online orders makes their business process more competitive. Online ordering increases the sale of bread as well as confectionary products (Gebhart, Glines and Foss 2013). If the system can manage the online orders, then it adopts with new innovative way to give comfortable services to the customers while boosting their capability to track the activities of customers. Automatic updates of data: AIS should update the data from the firm automatically when it becomes out-of-date software. Even the financial practices as well as regulations related to the software change over time, therefore, it is vital to keep the system up-to-date so that it gives fast and automatic updates of data (Woodward and Tan 2015). If the data should update automatically, then the users are not required to update it. The updated data gives best quality information to the users. Security and Confidentiality: The system should able to store sensitive data of the firm, so that it can keep the confidential data more secured. Security features should provide protection to the firms documentation and network in the system (Rajasa and Faturachman 2015). The proposed AIS system should have confidentiality feature so that it protects the information on the system by avoiding the illegal person to access the data. Therefore, the requirement of information security is to prevent leakage of data as well as increase in information reliability (Ng, Harrison and Akroyd 2013). The system should have a secure socket layer (SSL) which should ensure the security of the confidential data. Flexible Reporting: Reporting feature is flexible within the AIS as it generates reports of balance when necessary and intended for some period in the accounting period. The report is created automatically and it is arrived into the email inbox (Ismail and King 2014). It creates reports on the invoices of client. Ease of access and better speed of processing: The proposed AIS should have better ease of access as well as processing speed. It provides faster responses and resolves the customers queries (Galy and Sauceda 2013). Within the business operations of Bakery, the system should execute faster for various business processes. It also provides support in decision making related to their products. Database Management: One of the important features of the AIS is to store the data and create the data easy to recover by the users of the system. The database type determines that respond speed of the information system (Kanellou and Spathis 2013). If the system should use of relational database, then it stores the data into separate table. The stored data is accessible to the users quickly as well as professionally. Comparability: Quality of the information enables the users to recognize the changes within financial phenomenon over a period. The reports on accounting are comparable across the firm in order to identify the similarities (Soudani 2012). The reports are belonged to a period, use of common unit of measurement as well as reporting format. If quality of the information is comparable, then it should be understandable by the users of the system. It helps to understand the content of the financial statements as well as reports. The accounting system is easy to access the reports in order to identify the business trends. Justification for suitable category of accounting software for B Bakery The available three software packages vendors for B Bakery are SAP, MYOB and Xero. For B Bakery, medium range ERP category of accounting software is suitable for the firm. This category of software gives benefit to the business as it is highly integrated with other modules of the firm (Ajit, Donker and Patnaik 2014). It reduces the price for the sales order processing, lessens the time used to determine the selling price as well as rise in cash flow. It gives accurate as well as timely information to the users of the system with improved management of the billing process (Hejazi, Halpin and Biggs 2014). It leads to faster expense and decreases accounts receivable. There is increase in revenue due to less outages of stock, therefore when the products are out of stock, and then it reduces loss of revenue. The satisfaction level of the customers is increased due to advanced accessibility of firms products. SAP, it is best for medium size software packages. It aims to automate the business functions of Bakery in financials and operations functions. Due to SAP, Bakery enjoys better productivity among the workers of the firm (Olson, Chae and Sheu 2013). It relies on data logging stages in order to enter information as well as generation of reports. This software package also handles many accounting functionalities. SAP has a significant cost savings features; therefore, it is suitable for B Bakery. It tracks the data of the firm and then generates reports about purchasing of bread as well as confectionary products (Ahmad and Cuenca 2013). The users are asking for customized features for this software package. Compare and contrast the functionalities of two accounting software packages of SAP, MYOB and Xero Accounting software packages Functionalities of each software package Compare Contrast Software Vendor: SAP SAP Business One and SAP Business ByDesign 1. Both are designed for medium sized enterprises. 2. Both have the features of purchasing, sales, inventory, business partners, production, material requirements planning and human resources (Islam et al. 2012). 3. It allows the employees to access this accounting software package with use of the mobile application. 4. It improves interaction with the business partners in order to build informed decisions (Chen et al. 2012). SAP Business One software: 1. It captures the information regarding the business into a single system. 2. This solution helps the firm to face the business challenges and offers with decision-making solutions (Galy and Sauceda 2014). SAP Business By design software package: 1. It is delivered on requiring by the SAP within monthly payment of smallest of10 users (Hejazi, Halpin and Biggs 2014). 2. It relies on the security of data centers, which are maintained as well as monitored by the experts of SAP (Bradford 2014). 3. This software analyzes the end-to-end business processes of the firm. Software vendor: MYOB AccountRight Live and MYOB Essentials 1. This software package can track the inventory with a capability to handle complex payroll as well as billing of the products (Curtis 2015). 2. Both are used to produce sales invoices for the firm. 3. It will track as well as control the stock of the firm such as the customers buying and selling information (Rajasa and Faturachman 2015). 4. It manages to create business reports, and the account is assessed anywhere where there is an internet connection. AccountRight Live: 1. It allows the developers to access the functionality as well as data of this MYOB software package (Ng, Harrison and Akroyd, 2013). 2. It retrieves the information on the accounts as well as manages over the transactions for the firm. MYOB Essentials: 1. There is no employee portal, and it has no capability to hold back with additional taxes. 2. It cannot lodge the report of payment summary directly from the accounting software (Bradford 2014). 3. This software package runs at an extremely low speed. 4. It is opened up to 9 windows in order to view various data of transactions (Curtis 2015). Software vendor: Xero Xero 1. It offers cloud based accounting system to the business firms (Smith 2015). 2. This software package creates as well as sends quotes to the customers who are processing online. Therefore, this online cloud based system helps to create invoice, purchase, and bill based orders easily (Woodward and Tan 2015). 3. The suppliers send invoices to the customers account of Xero that offers an interactive timeline for an alternative of batch payment. 4. It gives expenses report, which is done by the employees (Chen et al. 2012). 5. It can be login from anywhere. 6. It has features of payroll, inventory and invoicing (Ajit, Donker and Patnaik 2014). 7. It is accessed with the use of a mobile application. 1. The security features of this software package are based on a use of passwords by the accountant of the firm (Ma 2015). 2. The software is accessed by the users as long as there is activation of subscription. The services of this software are subscribed on a monthly basis (Gebhart, Glines and Foss 2013). Justification on suitable vendor and accounting software package for B Bakery SAP software vendor is the best accounting software vendor as this accounting software combines the functions of financial accounting in order to manage the complexities within the firm. It gives a greater level of transparency among the business firm, B Bakery. It depends on information logging stages with a specific end goal to enter data and era of reports (Kanellou and Spathis 2013). This software product handles numerous bookkeeping functionalities. SAP has a huge cost funds highlight; in this way, it is reasonable for B Bakery. It tracks the information of the firm and after that creates reports about obtaining of bread and additionally confectionary items (Svobodova and Cerna 2016). The clients are requesting modified components for this accounting software package. The features of SAP are as follows which makes sure that this software package is suitable for Bakery business: It records the financial processes into the general ledger. It supports reporting as well as other financial accounting standards (Ismail and King 2014). It is highly integrated with additional modules such as sales and distribution, business intelligence, CRM and others. It decreases the cost for the business request preparing, reduces the time used to decide the offering cost as well as a reduction in income (Ajit, Donker and Patnaik 2014). It gives precise and additionally convenient data to the clients of the framework with an enhanced administration of the billing procedure. It prompts quicker cost and reductions money due. There is an increment in income because of fewer outages of stock, in this manner when the items are out of stock, and after that, it diminishes the loss of income (Bradford 2014). The fulfillment level of the clients is expanded because of innovative availability of association's items. Among various modules of SAP, sales, as well as distribution module, is a most important module for the Bakery business. This software package helps to manage the order as well as cash process, which is related to transactions. With a use of this module, the firm is managing sales orders, products delivery, pricing as well as billing (Olson, Chae and Sheu 2013). This module provides easy managing of activities with the use of broader sales and distribution development. This new SAP accounting software improves the accuracy as well as the security of the data and information related to purchasing information of Bakery business. Any others or any third party persons do not access those data and information. Through the use of SAP system, it provides a better quality of services to the customers. People of sales, as well as customer services, are interacted with their clients better to improve their relationships (Abbott and Webb 2013). Therefore, a better relationship with the customers helps to provide faster as well as accurate information to the clients with better quality. Finally, with the use of SAP software, the data and information are not distributed among various separate databases. It is distributed as well as stored within a single location into the system (Hejazi, Halpin and Biggs 2014). The stored data are kept secured with providing up-to-date information to the customers. Conclusion From the entire report on the implementing of accounting information system into business operations of B Bakery, it is concluded that with a use of AIS, the firm increases their business efficiency and operations. The selected software package for Bakery business is SAP. It solves the transactional issues of the firm by managing the order as well as cash process, which is related to transactions. This package is for medium range business enterprises. It helps the firm to mitigate financial issues so that in the future the firm should expand their products and business processes. It provides with faster as well as accurate information to the clients with the better quality of products. It improves interaction with the business partners in order to build informed decisions. References Abbott, J.D. and Webb, M.R., SmartVault Corporation, 2013.Browser toolbar extension for document management with web-based application programs. U.S. Patent Application 14/093,433. Ahmad, M.M. and Cuenca, R.P., 2013. Critical success factors for ERP implementation in SMEs.Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,29(3), pp.104-111. Ajit, D., Donker, H. and Patnaik, S., 2014. ERP system implementation announcements: does the market cheer or jeer the adopters and vendors?.International Journal of Accounting Information Management,22(4), pp.339-356. Amran, A.M., Rahman, R.A., Yusof, S.N.S. and Mohamed, I.S., 2014. The current practice of Islamic microfinance institutions accounting information system via the implementation of mobile banking.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,145, pp.81-87. Bradford, M., 2014.Modern ERP: Select, Implement, and Use Today's Advanced Business Systems. Lulu. com. Chen, H.J., Yan Huang, S., Chiu, A.A. and Pai, F.C., 2012. The ERP system impact on the role of accountants.Industrial Management Data Systems,112(1), pp.83-101. Christauskas, C. and Miseviciene, R., 2012. Cloudcomputing based accounting for small to medium sized business.Engineering Economics,23(1), pp.14-21. Curtis, V., 2015.MYOB Software for Dummies-Australia. John Wiley Sons. Galy, E. and Sauceda, M.J., 2014. Post-implementation practices of ERP systems and their relationship to financial performance.Information Management,51(3), pp.310-319. Gebhart, B., Glines, S.M. and Foss Jr, S.H., Norse Corporation, 2013.Systems and methods for integrating accounting software and payment processing systems. U.S. Patent Application 13/803,868. Hall, J.A., 2012.Accounting information systems. Cengage Learning. Hejazi, S.S., Halpin, A.L. and Biggs, W.D., 2014. Using SAP ERP technology to integrate the undergraduate business curriculum.Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning,30. Islam, Z., Diebold, A., Faude, B., Lam, K. and Gsell, M., 2012. Perspectives of SAP implementation: Theory and practice. Ismail, N.A. and King, M., 2014. Factors influencing the alignment of accounting information systems in small and medium sized Malaysian manufacturing firms.Journal of Information Systems and Small Business,1(1-2), pp.1-20. Kanellou, A. and Spathis, C., 2013. 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Strain Transformation Essays (897 words) - Solid Mechanics

Strain Transformation The following report will be on Strain Transformation. Strain transformation is similar to stress transformation, so that many of the techniques and derivations used for stress can be used for strain. We will also discuss methods of measuring strain and material-property relationships. The general state of strain at a point can be represented by the three components of normal strain, ?x, ?y, ?z, and three components of shear strain, gxy, gxz, gyz. For the purpose of this report, we confine our study to plane strain. That is, we will only concentrate on strain in the x-y plane so that the normal strain is represented by ?x and ?y and the shear strain by gxy . The deformation on an element caused by each of the elements is shown graphically below. Before equations for strain-transformation can be developed, a sign convention must be established. As seen below, ?x and ?y are positive if they cause elongation in the the x and y axes and the shear strain is positive if the interior angle becomes smaller than 90?. For relative axes, the angle between the x and x' axes, q, will be counterclockwise positive. If the normal strains ?x and ?y and the shear strain gxy are known, we can find the normal strain and shear strain at any rotated axes x' and y' where the angle between the x axis and x' axis is q. Using geometry and trigonometric identities the following equations can be derived for finding the strain at a rotated axes: ?x' = (?x + ?y)/2 + (?x - ?y)cos 2q + gxy sin 2q (1) gx'y' = [(?x - ?y)/2] sin 2q + (gxy /2) cos 2q (2) The normal strain in the y' direction by substituting (q + 90?) for q in Eq.1. The orientation of an element can be determined such that the element's deformation at a point can be represented by normal strain with no shear strain. These normal strain are referred to as the principal strains, ?1 and ?2 . The angle between the x and y axes and the principal axes at which these strains occur is represented as qp. The equations for these values can be derived from Eq.1 and are as followed: tan 2qp = gxy /(?x - ?y) (3) ?1,2 = (?x -?y)/2 ? {[(?x -?y)/2]2+ (gxy/2)2 }1/2 (4) The axes along which maximum in-plane shear strain occurs are 45? away from those that define the principal strains and is represented as qs and can be found using the following equation: tan 2qs = -(?x - ?y) / 2 (5) When the shear strain is maximum, the normal strains are equal to the average normal strain. We can also solve strain transformation problem using Mohr's circle. The coordinate system used has the abscissa represent the normal strain ?, with positive to the right and the ordinate represents half of the shear strain g/2 with positive downward. Determine the center of the circle C, which is on the ? axis at a distance of ?avg from the origin. Please note that it is important to follow the sign convention established previously. Plot a reference point A having coordinates (?x , gxy / 2). The line AC is the reference for q = 0. Draw a circle with C as the center and the line AC as the radius. The principal strains ?1 and ?2 are the values where the circle intersects the ? axis and are shown as points B and D on the figure below. The principal angles can be determined from the graph by measuring 2qp1 and 2qp2 from the reference line AC to the ? axis. The element will be elongated in the x' and y' directions as shown below. The average normal strain and the maximum shear strain are shown as points E and F on the figure below. The element will be elongated as shown. To measure the normal strain in a tension-test specimen, an electrical-resistance strain gauge can be used. An electrical-resistance strain gauge works by measuring the change in resistance in a wire or piece of foil and relates that to change in length of the gauge. Since these gauges only work in one direction, normal strains at a point are often determined using a cluster of gauges arranged in a specific pattern, referred to as a strain rosette. Using the readings on the three gauges, the data can be used to determine the state of strain, at that point using geometry and trigonometric identities. It

Corrosion and Rusting Essays - Chemistry, Corrosion, Rust

Corrosion and Rusting.txt Essays - Chemistry, Corrosion, Rust Corrosion and Rusting Introduction Some people may be annoyed by their car wearing out. Kids may have trouble with rust forming on their bicycles. One may think how to prevent rusting, but do one knows what is happening when a metal corrode? Corrosion is defined as the involuntary destruction of substances such as metals and mineral building material by surrounding media, which are usually liquid (i.e. corrosive agents). Most metals corrode. During corrosion, they change into metallic ions. In some cases, the product of corrosion itself forms a protective coating. For example, aluminium forms a thin protective oxide layer which is impervious to air and water. In other cases (e.g. iron), however, the coating either flakes off or is pervious to both air and water. So the whole piece of metal can corrode right through. The most common forms of metallic corrosion are caused by electrochemical reactions, wherein two metallic phases (e.g., iron oxide and iron) react in the presence of electrolytic solution. Another mechanism of metallic corrosion is caused by chemical reaction, which explains how the protective layer of the metal is formed. Rusting is the corrosion of iron which is the most widely used structural metal. Most of it is used in making steel. The wide range of products made from steel includes all types of vehicles, machinery, pipelines, bridges, and reinforcing rods and girders for construction purposes. Therefore, rusting causes enormous economic problem and is the reason why extensive measures of corrosion protection have had to be developed. The economic importance of corrosion and corrosion protection can be shown by the following example: It is estimated that roughly 3% of the annual production of steel is lost by corrosion. In 1974, 140 millions tons of steel were produced in the United States at a cost of approximately $400 per tons. So this gives a monetary loss of about 1.7 billion dollars. It is clearly of the utmost importance to reduce as far as possible the financial loss by corrosion, which not only affects steel but to the extent all other building metal as well. It is obvious that corrosion and rusting affect significantly the life of the society, so it is worthy to investigate this topic. In this essay, the cause of the corrosion and rusting and consequently the protection of the corrosion will be explored. Electrochemical corrosion reactions This type of corrosion takes place when two metallic phases with different electrochemical potentials are connected to each other by means of an electric conductor. Electrolytes such as acids, alkalis, salt solutions, or even milder media (e.g., rainwater, river water, groundwater, or tap water) also need to be present. Metallic phases with different electrochemical potentials exhibit electric potential differences. Potential differences may also arise because of impurities, internal stresses, corrosion products, damaged protective coatings, etc. They also occur when different metals are used. The larger the potential difference, the faster the rate of corrosion. The electrochemical EMF series (Table 1) gives the electrochemical potential of metals under normal conditions with respect to hydrogen (hydrogen is 0). The farther two metals in electrochemical series are apart, the larger the potential difference between them. A metal is said to be less noble than those which stand to its right in the electrochemical series. In the case of electrochemical corrosion it is always the less noble metal which is removed. Table 1. Electrochemical Potential Series, Volts. KCaMgAlZnCrFeNiSnPbHCuAgAu -2.92-2.84-2.38-1.66-0.76-0.71-0.44-0.24-0.14-0.130.000.340.801.42 not noble -> noble Likelihood of passing into solution decreases from left to right. The potential difference does not, however, always fully correspond with the corrosion phenomena experienced in practice. The reason is that oxide and other metal compounds have differing electrochemical potentials. Chemical corrosion reactions Metals have a tendency to combine with oxygen to form oxides and this is one of the chemical reactions. This tendency is the stronger the less noble the metal. The layers of oxide on the metal surface which are formed even in dry air may be insoluble and stable against an aqueous medium in contact with them. Therefore, if the oxide layers are dense and adhere well to the metal, they prevent further attack and act as a corrosion prevention layer. An example of this is aluminum oxide. However, iron differs in that, although it does form a surface

Marital conflicts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marital conflicts - Research Paper Example Marital Conflict Introduction Marriage in U.S society Marriage is a foundational relationship in American society. According to Gottman and Carrere (1994), 90% of Americans will marry in their lifetime. However, it is found that nearly 44 percent of marriages end in divorce (Teachman, 2009). United States government data demonstrated a slight dip in the divorce rate from the 1980s to the 1990s (Teachman, 2009). However, there is a clear trend in U.S. documented history that divorce is a more viable option for couples, and the dip is negligible. It is also significant to note that many couples that stay together remain unhappy in the relationship for years According to these figures, marriage truly is a risky undertaking in American society. In addition, culture in the United States has been shaped by the growing trend of divorce. The increase of single-parent homes and the financial burdens associated with them, custody battles, and the negative effect on some children of divorce imp act American society. Teachman, (2009) reported negative effects of divorce on parents and children that most children of divorce had demonstrated some emotional distress and behavioral problems. In a study by Rogers (2004), this idea is supported, as she found that young children (under the age of 6) whose parents divorce may be at risk for developmental and behavioral problems. Divorce in U.S. culture does not occur in a vacuum but ripples through society. It destroys families and creates insecurity in children. Divorced adults must pick up the pieces emotionally, financially, and socially and start over, while mending the brokenness of the past. Addressing the communication difficulties couples have before the relationship comes to divorce or separation is important. Divorce is not the answer to the fading communicative abilities of U.S. culture. Many couples find that the problems and unhappiness they faced as individuals while married continue after divorce. Often partners assu me their spouse is the source of their unhappiness. In some cases this may be true, in many it is not. Also, partners assume there will no longer be arguments once they divorce. This is also not likely true. Couples often still argue once they are divorced, especially when they have children together. Divorce is not an easy solution to the work of marriage. Therefore, it is imperative for studies to be done that can be applied practically and can help mental health practitioners develop better understanding of how marriages can succeed, how conflict can be better managed, and how couples can adapt to one another in order to create a healthy, sustained relationship. Nature of Marriage: The Presence of Conflict The marriage relationship provides the possibility of great connectedness and communication. It also provides the opportunity for hurt and relational brokenness that extends beyond the two individuals within the marriage. Rainey (1997) explained, "No other human relationship ca n approach the potential for intimacy and oneness than can be found within the context of the marriage commitment. And yet no other relationship can bring with it as many adjustments, difficulties and even hurts" (p. 10). To succeed, marriages require work-work that is focused in the right direction.

Emplyee relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emplyee relation - Essay Example This implied that ministers would use available policies like tax cuts, increased state spending to improve economic activities and achieve full employment. Unlike in the pre-war era, trade unions were encouraged by the UK government and regularly consulted on the most suitable workplace relation and relevant economic policies. With the economic changes that happened in the 1980s when government reduced its role in the utility industry like gas and electricity following their privatization, a significant impact was experienced in employee relations. Companies had more control over their internal employee association policies unlike in the early post-war years when government had ultimate authority. The government’s welfare policies through the national insurance system and National Health Service (NHS) have since 1979, shaped employment relations by ensuring that employers are held accountable to the wee-being of their employees. By promoting equality through social frameworks and progressive taxation policies, the government is significantly influencing employment relations. Employee involvement is when an environment where members of staff have a contribution to decision that touch on their jobs. It is used as a philosophy in continuous improvement within organizations when people are allowed to make contributions. Empowerment, on the other hand, occurs when lead employees are given room to make managerial decisions. Employee engagement is the art of keeping the workforce occupied for maximum productivity and may include letting them play games during breaks. Finally, industrial democracy occurs when policies that touch on employee welfare are a joint product of the organization’s management and representatives of the workforce. From these forms, industrial democracy is the best representative of employees’ interests because it involves them at the policy level. Getting involved at the policy level

Religions of the Caribbean and Latin America Essay

Religions of the Caribbean and Latin America - Essay Example This religion is seen not only in Haiti, where its origins lie, but also in Mexico and South America, and most famously in New Orleans, where its practitioners have included Dr John, the shaman Drummer, and Marie Laveau, the New Orleans healer. It is from the academic studies of this religion that we have received some of the most powerful images of modern mystery faiths. It is also known as Vodou, Vodun, and many other variations, depending upon the writer concerned. As at attempt at compromise, Voodoo will be used to discuss the Haitian religion as a cultural signifier, while Vodun (which means spirit or sacred) will be used to discuss the actual religion of the area. Vodun, moreover, is not the only religion in the area based upon the entwined influence of African Gods, Christian imagery, and native American shaman faiths. Other interesting religions of the area include Santeria, the faith of the Yoruba in Cuba and the Diaspora, Candomble, and Umbanda. These three religions are referred to under the umbrella term of ‘Macumba’.'Macumba'. While this essay will study the differences and similarities between the Vodun and Santeria, the other religions of this region are also worthy of mention, as they have produced transculturation in differing ways, especially Umbanda, which is unusual even for the area: Umbanda in perhaps the youngest of these forms only emerging in 1904 and strangely enough being a fusion not of Christian and African beliefs, but Hindu, Buddhist and African beliefs. (Patrice, 2003, page 7) Even such a well-known religion such as Jamaican Rastafarianism, which is fundamentally a Christian religion, combines elements of a pan-African religious perspective, including There would be a mystic return to the African homelandlinked to notions of cultural recovery through a spiritual connection to the African homeland. The belief in the soul's return to Africa after death was widespread in the Caribbean. (Olmos and Paravisini-Gebert. 2003, page 156-7) Rastafarianism is a connection between the deeply religious Christian community, and the equally religious Pan-African faiths of the Caribbean. Furthermore, the idea of a spiritual movement back to Africa after death ties it in strongly to the Vodun, Candomble, and even Espiritismo, which is the Creole interpretation of spiritualism in areas such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Southern states of the United States. In all the religions of the Caribbean so far discussed, the importance of spiritual connection with the dead, with ancestors in Africa, and direct contact with the gods, or Lwa, who will be discussed later. Voodoo is seen by outsiders as a very 'dark' faith, one in which the priests and priestesses kill their enemies through magic, the famous 'voodoo' dolls, and rites which involve animal sacrifice (and human sacrifice too, it is alleged). Other myths of voodoo imagine the creation of many Zombies as workers, have become the staple of horror movies, and TV shows such as 'Hex'. Santeria, while associated with Vodun, concentrates much more upon the worship of Gods in the guises of Catholic Saints. The very name means 'Worship (or way) of the Saints", and so provides a perfect example of the mixing of Christian and African religions in this melting pot of faiths known as the Caribbean. This essay seeks to analyze the true religions of Vodun and Santeria, approaching the faiths through a history of the people, from a consideration of the cultural influences of both religions, to the nature of the worship before Slavery was abolished. The role of Voodoo in Haiti and New Orleans will be considered,

The Higher Education Commission: Pakistan

The Higher Education Commission: Pakistan The higher education commission HEC Pakistan is formally the university grant commission and this grant commission manage all the issues regarding the education in Pakistan under the act of university grant commission 1974 previously the universities are recognized by this institution and all the rules and regulations which are followed by the universities are given by UGC. The UCG act 1974 was repealed and the new ordinance is came into place with the name of higher education commission ordinance 2002 and after that this institution is responsible for the higher education policy in Pakistan, quality of education (quality control), the main purpose of introducing this institution is to uplift the education sector and the inspiration is given to the universities so that they can improve the system. Another main task was the development of the education policy, and to bring the quality in teaching methodology through the workshops, seminar etc. Research and development is important for any institution thats why the spotlight is on R and D sector because it is possibly the key for the growth of any organization and this is the start point of the organization and if the problems are identified then it is easy for the subject matter exports to perform later on. For betterment and development in Pakistan the Higher Education Commission gives thousands of MS scholarships and also the doctoral scholarships as well each and every year. The planning and development by the HEC is important because this will forecast the challenges of future and strategies to cope with these challenges is needed in order to meet the international standards of the universities, so the initiative taken by the institution like HEC to give scholarships is right decision by government. Another main purpose of this institution is that to give strength to the infrastructure of the higher education in Pakistan. In this process the research is important which can provide better results and the work of HEC with other ministries in developing such a projects which help the education sector later on. The linkage of local and foreign universities ensure that the setup of these universities is learned and the changes were done in our system that is a major change in the process and that is helpful for the higher education. Another initiative of the introduction of university-industry relationship give more practicality, learning to the students and they can learn more from the industry tours that is another good step taken in regard of development. Impact of Indigenous scholarships on the growth and promotion of the higher education: Indigenous scholarships are given by the higher education commission of Pakistan in the supervision of government of Pakistan so that these scholarships encourage and motivate the students to participate and learn more during higher education. There are a certain policies and procedures or we say rules and regulations are designed by the government of Pakistan in collaboration with HEC to facilitate the students who are more delegated towards learning and have excellent academic record to follow the educational heights at higher level. They are also have an eye on the students who are concerned with studies but they do not have enough money to participate and study at higher level so government also provide need based scholarships to the students having weak backgrounds. Indigenous Scholarships of MS/PHD: The basic concept of giving these scholarships is to strengthen the faculties of universities locally and to improve the quality of education and delegation and more attention towards the research and development R and D sector is improved by the induction of the intelligent students. And if these highly qualified personnel perform their duties in best way in future the industrial sector will also improve. The recently announced scheme of 5000 indigenous scholarships of MS leading to PHD will improve the research culture in universities of Pakistan and the universities will improve and may adopt the international standards so that the students may get the international standard education locally and it is the milestone if done accordingly. This project is focused on diversified disciplines including the science and technology, social sciences and humanities and life sciences. More over HEC funded some universities to develop the research labs and it will encourage the researchers to participate frequently. So the thing is that the institution like HEC would have to put spot light on the new disciplines and encourage students to learn new subjects by providing benefit like indigenous scholarships because that would motivate the students and the introduction of new disciplines in Pakistan is more encouraging because the people are only familiar with few discipline. These indigenous scholarships will help in the socio-economic development of Pakistan because the local researchers will highlight the local problems and would work on them accordingly because the local researchers are more familiar with the cultural norms of Pakistan behaviors of local people. In this scheme HEC also provide the funds to upgrade the existing laboratories and equipments that are used in laboratories. The indigenous scholarships are encouraged because this will improve the standards of living at individual level, and more importantly the economy is affected in positive way. Another good factor is that the local researchers will know there country trends in terms of culture, society, norms and values, attitude and behavior, manners and customs etc so with keeping these things in mind one easily know that the local researchers can perform well in there country because of familiar factors and trends. HEC and the government of Pakistan were doing an anchor role in improving the educational standards. HEC provide 5000 at PHD level indigenous scholarships to enhance the level of intellectuals in Pakistan and increased decision making ability in different flied of studies and to improve the businesses in institutions public and private etc. The 300 scholars recently awarded PHD degrees were doing research to improve the socio-economic conditions of Pakistan and there research is valuable because of there contribution to the development. These PHDs belong to different fields like business management, agriculture, engineering and HEC is also introducing the new disciplines at the level of PHDs like total quality management. There publications are important for analyzing the issues at different level because this is necessary to fill the gap first in order to pick up the growth rate. This all will help to improve the situations in future and it also help to improve the infrastructure. In order to give these scholarship HEC develop a certain criteria and it includes: No D grade in previous degree. The person who already studying under any scholarship program of Pakistan cannot get the scholarship for MS. Candidates must have 16 years of education who are applying for the MS scholarships. Maximum age 40 for PHD scholarships. GAT test is necessary for both PhDs and candidates applying for MS. The candidate cannot change the course of study once he submits an application etc. Objective of providing the indigenous scholarships: The objective of providing these scholarships is to train the students for the future benefit of the universities because only the well-trained and qualified personnel facilitate the students and the learning of the students increase and improve. Thats why the qualified faculty is recognized as the key of success in learning institutions and another thing is that they change certain things which help to learn more. Another thing is that by investing in Human capital is important for any country because they change the scenario and work for improvement and development, the main theme of investing in personnel is to get the economic stability in terms of growth and these type of investment encourage the people from any race, ethnic group to became the quality worker of any organization, faculty member of university and serve the country and participate for economic growth. These indigenous scholarships encourage the talented youth to step-up and get qualifications in technical and non-technical fields and participate in nation building process later-on with there professional and technical knowledge. And providing these scholarships particularly to the students of MS/PHD will enhance the research culture and environment that is friendly for the research conduction when ever needed with flexibility and which will address the issues of entire sectors of Pakistan. This will also increase the strength of the industries of Pakistan and new idea creations, and ability to start the new venture is increased because of better knowledge and professional skills and for new ideas planning, development and then implementation, the entrepreneurial mind is also required for that. The number of PHDs in Pakistan increasing due to the better and improved policies and procedure of higher education and admirable work by HEC. And now the Pakistani universities can produce more PhDs in future than previous 10 years. One research shows the results that at present number of PhDs reach 8142. According to the statistics which are available, the number of PHDs were increased from 347 in 1947 to 676 in 2002 in agricultural sciences, and in biological sciences the figures increased from 586 to 1096 and from 14 to 123 in the field of business and management sciences, in engineering and technology from 21 to 262, and in physical sciences it increased from 709 to 1071 and in the field of social sciences it increased from 887 to 1080 in last 10 years. In the last decade the ratio of education particularly in higher education is increased as mentioned in the figures above, so we have to recognize that the institution like HEC of Pakistan is doing very well for the betterment of the education and since the creation from 2002 this institution doing great job and particularly in the field of business and management sciences, engineering and technology, agriculture science and the discipline of social science as well. HEC introduce various indigenous scholarships to strengthen the human resource of Pakistan and to create a critical mass of highly qualified human resource in different field of studies in Pakistan so these researchers will work on the issues important for Pakistan, one of the scholar says that these PhDs are real asset of Pakistan and they will help country to develop economically. It is to be mentioned that since 1947, a total of 3,281 PhDs were awarded. However, and from the time when the establishment of the HEC in 2002, over 4,850 PhDs have been awarded. Higher Education commission is also looking to award 10000 indigenous scholarships to the students as the need based scholarships to the deserving students from the different parts of Pakistan in 2012-2013. These scholarships are only given to the students who are very talented and have good academic background in terms of there marks and percentage and having financial crisis or constraints. So more over these students are enrolled in the public sector universities for higher education to ensure the equality criteria. Under this new scheme, the more importance is given to the students belonging to Balochistan, FATA, interior Sindh and southern Punjab to support higher education of maximum number of academically eligible needy students from the very poor part of the country. Indigenous scholarship purpose: Indigenous scholarships are the lifeblood of all scholarships. The main objective of the Indigenous Scholarship Scheme is to create a highly qualified faculty to our local universities in all fields. These researchers will improve the rank and potential of all public and private universities in Pakistan. The scholarships are aimed at creating a pool of specialized scientists and highly skilled professionals trained at MS leading to PhD level in areas which are critical to economic growth. The fields of study covered under these programs include Science and Technology, Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities and other selected departments of public universities of the country. The primary objective of these programs is to increase indigenous capacities in various fields of science and technology. Regular employees of public sector universities, colleges and RD organizations having two years of relevant work experience are eligible for this program. The scholars conduct research in various fields of science and technology and are supervised in their research by HEC approved professors The specific objective of the Indigenous Scholarship Scheme is to produce acute form of highly qualified human resources in all fields of studies trained at the advanced level in local universities. These locally qualified academics and researchers will increase the RD potential of public as well as private universities and it will also support the local industrial sector. . The impact of a scholarship has an effect felt far beyond the student helped. The students success, thanks to the scholarship, may inspire younger siblings or the students own children to pursue higher education after high school. The student will be able to make more money with a college education and be a better provider for his or her family. In addition, that student will touch thousands of lives through his or her career whether it is in health, education, business, research or some other field. When you provide a scholarship for a student, you do more than help them financially you impart a lesson of generosity and concern for others that they incorporate into their own lives. Our files are filled with letters from students describing the impact that their scholarships made on their lives, and their hopes that one day, they will be able to provide scholarships for future students just as their donors did for them. The purpose of the delay is to facilitate candidates from remote areas of the country. The scholarship will be given for the academic year 2012-13 in all areas of studies and disciplines on the quota basis in accordance with federal government quota policy permitted by the government of Pakistan. To boost the research facilities in these fields the Higher Education Commission has supported many Departments/Universities to establish research labs. This has taken fabulous change in research culture of the Pakistani Universities. HEC has preserved great stress on indigenous scholarship schemes because locally trained researchers work on local problems of great national implication. Their research, therefore, is expected to have direct significance to the growth and socio-economic development of Pakistan. In addition, this scheme also offers funds to the Universities for advancing their research facilities particularly small laboratory equipment, chemicals, IT equipment etc. which not only aids research of the HEC scholar but also serves as an strength for the department to start up to date research laboratories. The need-based scholarships are focused on providing opportunities for access to higher education especially to under privileged students belonging to remote and far flung areas of the country who despite possessing academic merit, are unable to finance their education. Under this new program, special emphasis is given to the students belonging to Baluchistan, FATA, interior Sindh and Southern Punjab to support higher education of maximum number of academically qualified needy students from the very poor segments of the country. These scholarships would be awarded through Financial Aid Offices at the universities in a transparent and well-defined mechanism. He also informed that HEC indigenous and foreign scholarships are being awarded as per federal government quota policy. He urged the participants of the workshop to disseminate this information and guide the prospective candidates from Sindh province in this regard. He also emphasized them to avail the benefit of various HEC initiatives. Speaking on the occasion, Prof. Dr. Parveen Shah extended thanks to HEC and NTS for selecting Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur for organizing such a useful academic activity. In its endeavor to develop a class of Highly Qualified and professional Faculty in Pakistan, HEC has launched a series of scholarship programs. Through this series, HEC aims to provide the much needed impetus to the academia by offering indigenous as well as foreign PhD degrees to both faculty members and students. It is well cognizant of the need for customizing the existing scholar ship programs along with providing new opportunities for the pursuit of higher education at home and abroad. With an objective of reinforcing universally accepted principle of excellence in academia, HEC has designed the scholar ship series. Scholar ships are offered not only in reputable disciplines but also in the less recognized but crucial emerging fields. Several scholarship schemes comprising of indigenous as well as foreign scholarship/fellowships are currently being offered under the program. PhD scholars in all disciplines of strategic national significance are proceeding to various reputable foreign universities/institutions/ research centers by availing these schemes. Indigenous scholars now need to move beyond this collaborative process to those hard issues in research methodologies. The government of Pakistan has demonstrated a heightened sense of commitment to improving the effectiveness of education through its programmed of Education Sector Reforms that includes higher education, and this is further evidenced by the establishment of the task force. While universal literacy and primary education have been in the forefront of development priorities in the past, the pressing need to benefit from the new knowledge based economy has placed an unprecedented premium on higher education. Pakistans higher education system, encompassing all level above grade 12, is providing unable to provide the skills necessary, in the quantities necessary, to achieve the dual objectives of nation building and global competitiveness. Universities are the pillars of the higher education system. They must have autonomy from all extraneous influences in order to govern and manage their academic, administrative, financial functions. In particular, universities must have autonomy to develop their academic programmes, recruit, and select, train and educate their students. Education is a continuum process primary, secondary, higher secondary and tertiary levels. Its generic purposes are not discipline specifies. The support and accountability for educational functions, whether in the domains of knowledge concerning natural, biological, numerical and social sciences, and humanities, are the responsibilities of the ministry of education. HEC had paid special attention towards the promotion of higher education in the country. The main initiatives includes special scholarship scheme for the youth, implementation of the federal governments quota policy to award local and foreign scholarships. The number of the universities had been increased from two to seven including the establishment of the first women universities. It has launched the special projects for the development of the basic infrastructure in higher education institutions in the provinces. The scholarship provides financial support to enable mature-age indigenous students to complete nationally recognized tertiary qualifications and attain skills and knowledge that will enhance their communitys future economies and financial development. Scholarship are intended for indigenous who Face financial barriers that might otherwise restrict their option for gaining a tertiary qualification. The fund acknowledge that mature-age student often required to make great personal and financial sacrifices in order to complete qualification that will help advance their personal and career goals. The scholarship provides recipient s with financial assistance to relieve the financial burden of study, which may includes course fees, telecommunication cost, accommodation, transport and textbook. Students must have the support of their family and/or community. This will require emotional support and some contribution to financial support. The level of financial contribution is reviewed on an individual and highly confidential basis, with the expectation that families/communities will contribute according to their capacity. The Scholarship does not cover the provision of uniform, pocket money or other voluntary School activities. Families are expected to participate in School programs/information sessions, etc, as much as distance and travel permits and be supportive of their daughters education. Development of education sector of Pakistan in previous years: Education is important factor in development of an economy of any country, historically Pakistan is a poor country and poverty creates the alarming situations, so the policies and more importantly procedures are needed to cope that situation, because the factors like unemployment, low per capita income, less GDP and less quality education of the people is concerned factor and needs to be paid attention. On of the economic survey have the statistics which include the figures and these are the public sectors spending on the education in Pakistan are: Public sector sending as %GDP is 2.1 and the literacy rate is 57 %. This information includes the age from 10 and above, males 69% and females 45%. ( economic survey of Pakistan 2009-2010). Pakistan is also depending on the aid from the international sources. The higher education commission is also running a project which includes USAID. If we talk about the development of education sector the institution like HEC is doing a significant job in developing the human resource or human capital. In this regard the indigenous scholarships are open to every one who is working in the private sector and government sector and also the Pakistani students. HEC has award 1426 undergraduate scholarships and 6635 post graduate scholarships, from which 3765 MS scholarships and this indigenous scholarships program also produced more than 300 PHDs in Pakistan. (Economic survey of Pakistan 2009-2010). These human resources which are developed and produced by HEC are actively participating in the research and development of Pakistan and they are performing there duties significantly in different department and also in the public and private universities. These scholars also managing to improve the local university standards and infrastructure overall. In this regard HEC has given the post doctoral scholarships to the 503 university teachers which help the university and the new students later on. HEC also trained the 11021 faculty members and administrators of different universities during short and long term courses. But if we talk about the development of the institutions there is a boom or increase in the degree awarding institutions DAI and new universities. The PHDs are increased to 624 in 2009, the funding to higher education reached up to 44000 millions. HEC is also doing planning and development in order to increase the education in Pakistan for that HEC have a plan for the years 2010-2015 and onwards. This includes the post doctoral, doctoral, and MS leading to PHD these types of indigenous scholarships are encouraging and can help the economy. Funds for promotion of research culture are increased in the recent years up to 800 million in 2010-2011. (Economic survey of Pakistan 2011-2012). Foreign assistance for education sector: In 2008 and onwards the foreign assistance is increased for the development of Pakistan and students who are motivated for higher studies, this includes: USAID funded $2.14 million, project name strengthening teaching education in Pakistan (STEP). Funded by DFID Â £3.15 million, project name gender in education policy support project (GEPSP) These funds are actively donated by the UNICEF, usaid and also different private organizations are also working actively to train the teachers in this regards organizations like ed-links are funded by USAID and they are working to improve the teaching standards and methodology at primary and higher level. This costing $ 90million. The organizations like ITA, IRM UK-AID project are also working to improve the educational standards and they are conducted a lot of surveys in recent past which help to identify different issues in the regions of Pakistan. How the higher education system is improved in Pakistan and the recommended suggestions: The objective of better higher education system is only achieved if the overall system is organized or planned like the international standards requirements and to achieve that particular goal there is a need to work hard, thats why the institution like HEC is appreciated by the international forces who want the progress of education in any country. But the thing is that there are some forces that show resistance so that is the task for the policy makers to cope the overall situation and make that type of policy and procedure which can bring the change in the system and the ultimate objective is achieved of improvement for higher education. The universities are the main pillars of the higher education system, they must have the autonomy from the external influences in order to govern and manage there administrative, academic and financial functions. They must have that mush authoritative power to train there faculty or firstly (recruit) hire the potential faculty members who can deliver in the future and council the students in a proper way that can be acceptable and according to the international standards and requirement and which can also eliminate the requirement to study at abroad. The present system is weak because it is hesitant to delegate the powers and job enrichment processes which can motivate the faculty members in order to deliver in a right way. In this process each university must have the governing board which can make autonomous decisions for improvement. And if this type of governing broad perform there duties the overall performance o the institution is improved. Previously the institution named UGC is not up to the mark because of poor administration systems and less and also late funding to the universities, the system requires the institution which is ready to deliver and it is HEC and which is proved later on by the quality performance of the HEC and its planning, development and management in terms of the performance from 2002-2008 is phenomenal. If the funding from the international forces, government of Pakistan and HEC is given to the universities or DAI then there is a less burden on the students to pay the huge amount of fees and they can learn more easily with out any pressure and also the funding is utilized by giving students quality faculty then they can learn more and may deliver later on and represent the well known organizations and also serve public sector in better way and if the provincial governments also support this type of funding then there is a boost in the improvement in the quality. The thing is that a lot of intellectuals(scholars) were left Pakistan because of less salary and poor economic condition in the country so Pakistani government and public sector universities need more funding in order to retain that type of quality faulty members. The infrastructure is provided by the HEC by giving more indigenous scholarships to the students and motivate them to study in MS leading to PHD, and particularly the PHD scholarships and also they encourage the research culture in the universities, and also provide the labs for technical studies and access to digital library is phenomenal for the students to learn the international books and articles and journals from the Harvard business review and Jstore etc. The first thing which can be done in order to bring revolution in the educational sector, the government primary, middle, secondary and higher secondary education needs to be deliver more and some quality education which is lacking and the students when they come for the higher studies they suffer because of less knowledge, so in this regard government must have to put more emphasis on the early education in other words the improvement must start from the grass root level. The role of higher education is important for the developing country like Pakistan to survive in the global environment which is competitive and you can only survive if the higher education is given in a proper way, because it is a chain process one action is linked with another and if one thing is lacking or not done in a way it required then it can cost later on. By ranking the universities in terms of quality education institutions, it can motivate the students, faculty members and the internal policy makers to work hard for the improvement, and it is good to award the categories to the institutions according to there performance. This policy encourage the high performing universities and they can deliver more frequently because they want to retain there position and that is not less than challenge. By monitoring the private institutions as well is also participating in the improvement. The economic importance of higher education: Yes it is right that higher education is important for the economic growth of any country but it is also right that economic growth is more important for the developing countries and it is the fact that higher education can not only contribute to the economic development of the country, it also contribute in nation building process, giving more strength to the society, culture in terms of more civilized culture and the people became more conscious about the things and they may also have awareness more about upgrading there living standards etc. In this regard the World Bank and UNESCO provided the task force for developing countries including Pakistan to check analyze and put emphasis on the higher education system and living standards of the people and to work for the infrastructure of country. They also emphasis on the development of enlightened leaders, expansion of choices and this type of development also enhances the social mobility and it may be helpful for the talented people to come up and prove there potential in the areas of there choices. The ultimate theme of providing the indigenous scholarships to the students creates the capability to address the appropriate solutions to the local problems in the country. In this context the promotion of higher education is more important in order to get better future of the country, because this is the era of competition and those who want to compete must have that type of weapons to survive in the race of competition. The promotion is necessary because now the employees, intellectuals and technical people are seen as product by the organizations and candidates who want to get the job they have to market themselves. But the thing is that the individuals are only putted in the competition if they have the knowledge, skills and abilities, this process of KSA is only fulfilled if the students are gone through the process of the learning and more importantly if they get the highe

The Presentation of Jocelin in Chapter One Essay -- Dean Jocelin Willi

The Presentation of Jocelin in Chapter One Dean Jocelin is a priest at St Mary’s Cathedral in Salisbury. He has a vision that God has chosen him to erect a great spire on his cathedral. During Chapter 1 we see many different qualities of Jocelin. The first account we meet of him is a visual picture of a laughing man; this represents a joyful, exhilarant person. It shows that this is the beginning of his vision and everything is taking place before him. In the second sentence our view shifts and we see what he sees, the sunlight exploding through the glass, lifting up the images of Abraham, Isaac and God. Our sense of seeing through his eyes is strengthened with ‘additional spokes and wheel’. Each time the sunlight appears inside the cathedral Jocelin recreates his vision, and it reinforces the rightness of what he is doing. There is a various repetition of Jocelin ‘laughing chin up’, this begins to sound a little insane, however ‘chin up’ shows he is a very confident and proud man who thinks he has all authority over everybody else. He also thinks that St Mary’s Cathedral belongs to him, as he uses the repetition of ‘my’ this would signify, that it is his territory. ‘My place, my house, my people.’ The cathedral and the spire becomes an obsession to Jocelin as he describes it as a living, breathing building. He describes the building like a man lying on his back. ‘The nave was his legs placed together, the transepts on either side were his arms outspread. The choir was his body; and the Lady Chapel where now the services would be held, was in his head.’ He describes the spire as ‘the crown and the majesty.’ The great one of all! Jocelin seems to be a very religious man because when he enters the ... ...erson who Jocelin has great affection for is his ‘daughter in God’, Goody Pangall. Jocelin thinks that she ‘is entirely women’ and she is the one topic of conversation that he discusses with interest with Pangall. For example when Pangall is worried about the builders, the first question Jocelin asks is, ‘Is your good wife? Do they work too near her?’ and Pangall reply’s no, ‘Do they treat her as some men will treat women in the street? Call after her? Speak lewdly?’ In conclusion to this essay, Jocelin has become obsess ional over the spire because he has forgotten that the vision is from God and when he thanks God, it shows he is grateful that god has given this vision to him however it is not for Jocelin, it is for God. Jocelin also does not listen to anybody else’s comments. All he cares about is himself and how he looks rather than the cathedral.

Stock Exchange of Thailand

Table of Content | | History of SET| 1| Establishment of SET| 1| Vision & Mission| 1| Regulatory Framework of the Capital Market| 2| Operations| 3| Board of Governors| 3| Management| 4| SET’s Role| 5| Corporate Governance Center| 6| Products and Services| 6| Revenue Structure| 12| Financial Events that Affect SET| 12| SET and the World Stock Exchange| 15| SET and Asian Stock Exchanges| 16| Comparison of SET, SGX and NYSE| 17| Index Composition Comparison between SGX and SET| 18| Stock Index Comparison| 18| Future move of SETConclusion| 2022| Stock Exchange of Thailand History of the Stock Exchange of ThailandThe modern Thai Capital Market was started in 1961 when Thailand implemented its first five-year National Economic and Social Development Plan. It supports the promotion of economic growth and stability as well as develops the Kingdom's standard of living. After that, the Second National Economic and Social Development Plan (1967-1971) proposed to set up an orderly securit ies market in order to gather additional capital to support Thailand's industrialization and economic development. The modern Thai capital market can be divided into two phases, â€Å"The Bangkok Stock Exchange† which was privately owned and â€Å"The Securities Exchange of Thailand†.The BSE finally ceased operations in the early 1970s because of a lack of official government support and a limited investor understanding of the equity market Establishment of the Stock Exchange of Thailand Despite the failure of the BSE, the concept of an orderly security market had attracted a lot of Thai people attention. In 1969, as recommended by the World Bank, the government acquired the services of Professor Sidney M. Robbins from Columbia University to study the development channels of the Thai capital market.In 1972 the Government took a further step in this direction by improving the â€Å"Announcement of the Executive Council No. 58 on the Control of Commercial Undertakings A ffecting Public Safety and Welfare†. The changes were allowed Government to control more over the operations of finance and securities companies. After that, in 1974, â€Å"The Securities Exchange of Thailand† (SET) was enacted allowing the investment to save in the capital market. By 1975, the basic legislative framework was in place and the Securities Exchange of Thailand officially started trading.On January 1, 1991 its name was formally changed to â€Å"The Stock Exchange of Thailand† (SET). Vision Empowering business and investors through our strengths to match the right financial opportunities Mission Clients and Intermediaries â€Å"Expand business issuers and investor base by satisfying their financial needs and strengthening intermediaries for mutual growth and success† Products and Services â€Å"Offer a wide range of attractive products and services to create value and match financial opportunities across different segments of business and inve stors† Operations Operate with flawless execution according to international standards to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, flexibility and global connectivity† People and Culture â€Å"Inspire staff to perform up to their fullest potential and create a corporate culture that aims at achieving excellence in matching the right financial opportunities for business and investors† Regulatory Framework of the Capital Market The Securities and Exchange Act of 1992 (SEA), specified the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as the regulator of the Thai Capital Market.While the SEC oversees the development of the Kingdom's capital market, the Bank of Thailand (BOT) is responsible for the country's money market. Primary Market The SEC looked over a company that wants to issue new securities, an initial public offering (IPO) or additional securities to the public. The company must first apply for SEC approval and comply with its filing requirements. Then, the SEC is requi red to review the financial status and operations of the company before allowing the firm to issue securities to the public. Secondary MarketSecurities may be traded in the secondary market once the issuer has applied for and been approval by the SET. Operations The Stock Exchange of Thailand is a juristic entity that was set up under the Securities Exchange of Thailand Act, B. E. 2517 (1974). Operations started on April 30, 1975. Its main operations include securities listing, supervision of listed companies and information disclosure, trading, market surveillance and member supervision, information dissemination and investor education. Moreover, its duty is to promote saving and long term financial planning for developing the economy.SET is a center for trading of listed securities without distributing any profit to members. Board of governors Regulatory Framework The SET Board of Governors is comprised of a maximum of eleven people, five of whom are appointed by the SEC, and five who are elected by SET members. The SET President, appointed by the Board, is an ex-officio member of the Board. The Board is also responsible for formulating the SET policies. Management The organizational chart of SET can be classified into two major parts which are Exchange Function and CMDF Function.Each function’s organizational structure can be seen below. | | SET's Role The Stock Exchange of Thailand has been continuously improved the management system of listed Thai companies to have good governance. SET was started to study about the roles  of audit committee in 1995 before the financial crisis. After that, it issued a listing requirement indicating that all listed companies have an audit committee in early 1998. In that year, the SET also issued a guideline namely â€Å"Code of Best Practices for Directors of Listed Companies† to be a guild role of audit committee.Two years later, the Good Corporate Governance Committee, consisting of representatives from a variety of professional organizations, disseminated a report on corporate governance which set a framework to be used by organizations in the Thai capital market for developing good corporate governance systems and practices. The Thai government designated the â€Å"Compass for Good Corporate Governance† and set up the National Corporate Governance Committee (NCGC). In the same year, SET also proposed fifteen principles of good corporate governance for listed companies to implement.The listed companies have to apply the fifteen principles and are required to demonstrate in their annual registration statement (Form 56-1) and annual reports starting from the accounting period ending December 31, 2002. In July 2002, the SET has established the Corporate Governance Center to help listed companies develop their corporate governance system. The Center provides consulting services to and exchanges ideas about corporate governance practices with directors and executives of listed c ompanies, as well as those of firms preparing to be listed companies.Corporate Governance Center Background The SET has established the Corporate Governance Center to support listed companies. It encourages the company to have good corporate governance and stakeholders include shareholders, suppliers, customers, creditors, employees, and the community etc. Corporate Governance Center builds to have confidence investment in Thai capital market which support the knowledge about corporate governance including the developing good corporate governance system and practices. . The Center of consulting service Giving advises and exchange idea about corporate governance practices with directors and executives of listed companies as well as those of firms preparing to be listed companies. 2. Corporate Governance Self Assessment Evaluation was followed by the rule of listing company 3. Producing and disseminating a variety of information and materials as guidelines. 4. Holding activities to he lp educate listed companies' directors and executives. Products and ServicesOne of the SET’s missions is to â€Å"Offer a wide range of attractive products and services to create value and match financial opportunities across different segments of business and investors. † SET has continuously developed new products and services and improved the system to satisfy needs of the investors. SET group supervises trading activities and market participants to ensure that the market is fair, orderly, and transparent. The products and services of SET are as following. Product The products that SET offers can be classified into 5 major categories; equities, bonds, derivatives, exchange-traded fund (ETF), and derivative warrants.The more details of each type are discussed as following. 1. Equities Equity trading is the trading of securities issued by public companies where shareholders have a direct stake in the company as well as the right to vote in shareholders’ meeting s. The secondary markets for equities trading are The Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) and Market for Alternative Investment (MAI). Types of equities are ordinary shares, preferred share, warrants, unit trusts, non-voting depository receipt, and depository receipt (DR). SET and MAI are different in terms of the types of equities traded.On SET, investors can trade all types of equities, whereas on MAI preferred shares and depository receipt (DR) are not traded. Market for Alternative Investment or MAI was established in June 1999 in order to encourage the smaller firms with potential high growth and innovation. MAI serves as a new fund-raising source for such firms and new alternative investments for investors who are interested. The vision of MAI is â€Å"We strive to be the right and efficient exchange creating value for high potential, innovative and ventures companies in ASEAN. † The core values of MAI are to be focus, accountable, networking, zealous, and innovative. . Bo nds After a bond is issued and sold in the primary market, the bond can be electronically traded through Bond Electronic Exchange (BEX), where investors can buy and sell bonds. The market was first launched on November 26th, 2003, and its goal is â€Å"to develop all facets of the Thai bond market to reach an international standard, on par with other mature bond markets in the rest of the world†. 3. Derivatives Derivatives are traded through Thailand Futures Exchange or TFEX which was established on May 17th, 2004. TFEX play a big role in Thailand economy in stabilizing and sustaining financial market and corporates.Derivatives are used to protect companies from unanticipated change of underlying assets which might be the raw material of the company. In other words, TFEX allows investors to hedge their risk by utilizing derivative products. TFEX has continuously introduced new products to be traded on the market. Up to the present, TFEX has a total of 11 products in 5 categor ies, which are equity, interest rate, precious metal, energy, and currency. First category, equity derivatives have a total of 4 types, which are SET 50 Index Futures, SET 50 Index Options, Sector Index Futures, and Single Stock Future.Second, derivatives that are traded on interest rate are 3-Month BIBOR Futures, 6-Month THBFIX Futures, and 5-Year Government Bond Futures. Third, derivatives for precious metal are 10 Baht Gold Futures, 50 Baht Gold Futures, and Silver Futures. Forth, derivative on energy price is Brent Crude Oil Futures. Fifth, the currency derivative is USD Futures. 4. ETF Exchange-traded fund or ETF is an open-ended mutual fund which is traded on the stock exchange. Through brokers, ETF investors can buy and sell at any time during the trading hours at the prevailing price when the order is executed.The main difference between normal mutual funds and ETF is that mutual fund is normally traded via asset management company or a fund issuer at the end of the trading day while ETF has real-time NAV or Indicative NAV which is calculated throughout the trading hours. With the help of designated market maker or liquidity provider, it allows investors to trade at the market price at any time. ETF is a passive management fund since it basically invests in a basket of underlying stocks which can be SET 50 Index, a stock sector index, commodity index and commodity price such as gold price and oil price.Mostly, ETF is the replicate of a stock index, making the expense and management fee lower for ETF. In contrast, mutual fund is more active making the cost of management more expensive as well. 5. Derivative Warrants (DW) Derivative Warrants give the holder right to buy a stock or an underlying security at the pre-determined price within the stated period for certain quantity. The issuer of derivative warrant is a third party, not the issuer of the underlying securities. Warrants and Derivative Warrants are different in many aspects, as shown in the foll owing table Services 1. Information serviceDue to SET comprehensive, accurate and up-to-date source of Thai listed companies information, SET provides information service for customers who would like to access and disseminate trading or listed company information either with commercial or non-commercial purpose. Major customers of this service are member companies, data vendors, presses, academic institutes, mutual funds, governmental agencies and general investors. SET Information Service is classified into 3 categories; a. Datafeed (raw data for further application) b. SETSMART or SET Market Analysis and Reporting Tool c.IR website service for SET listed companies 2. Listing service on SET Companies that are interested in listing itself on SET have to meet many rules and regulations. Being a listed company gives the company many advantages. The company will have a larger source of long-term capital that is crucially important to enhance its operation, expansion and competitiveness . The company will obtain a better and positive public image due to its high standard and transparency giving the company with higher bargaining power and company’s credibility. Application fees| Initial fees| Annual fees| | THB 50,000| 0. 5% of paid-up capital ( With minimum and maximum of THB 100,000 – THB 3,000,000 )| Regressive rate varies with the level of paid up capital as follows:   | less than| THB 200 M. | at 0. 035 % of paid-up capital| THB 200 M. | < Capital